Drs. Melissa Myers and Patricia Bayless discuss practical tools like the 4-Box Method, the influence of the hidden curriculum, and why ethical reasoning must extend beyond the classroom—especially in the fast-paced environment of emergency medicine.
This discussion is grounded in foundational ethics scholarship, including:
• The 4-Box Method (USUHS Ethics Consult Framework): www.usuhs.edu/sites/default/file…EthicsConsults.pdf
• Jonsen AR, Siegler M, Winslade WJ. Clinical Ethics: A Practical Approach to Ethical Decisions in Clinical Medicine. 8th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2015.
• Hafferty FW, Franks R. The hidden curriculum, ethics teaching, and the structure of medical education. Academic Medicine. 1994;69(11):861–871. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7945681/
• Carrese JA, Sugarman J. The inescapable relevance of bioethics for the practicing clinician. Chest. 2006;130(6):1864–1872. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17167010/



